1- The pericardium
The lining of the pericardial cavity is called the pericardium. To visualize the relationship
between the heart and the pericardial cavity, imagine pushing your fist toward the centre
of a large balloon. The balloon represents the pericardium, and your fist is the heart. Your
wrist, where the balloon folds back on itself, corresponds to the base of the heart, to which
the great vessels, the largest veins and arteries in the body, are attached. The air space
inside the balloon corresponds to the pericardial cavity.
The pericardium is lined by a delicate serous membrane that can be subdivided into the
visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium. The visceral pericardium, or
epicardium, covers the outer surface of the heart; the parietal pericardium lines the inner
surface of the pericardial sac, which surrounds the heart. The pericardial sac, or fibrous
pericardium, which consists of a dense network of collagen fibers, stabilizes the position
of the heart and associated vessels within the mediastinum.
The space between the parietal and visceral surfaces is the pericardial cavity. It normally
contains 10-20 mol of pericardial fluid, secreted by the pericardial membranes. This fluid
is a lubricant, reducing friction between the opposing surfaces as the heart beats.
(Fuente: Anatomy of the heart. The Heart. Chapter 20 The Pericardium: Anatomy and
Pathology. Peter M.Som and Margaret S. Brandwein)
2- Dental caries
Nigel B. Pitts1 , Domenick T. Zero2 , Phil D. Marsh3 , Kim Ekstrand4 , Jane A.
Weintraub5 , Francisco Ramos-Gomez6 , Junji Tagami7 , Svante Twetman4 , Georgios
Tsakos 8 , Amid Ismai
Abstract |
Dental caries is a biofilm-mediated, sugar-driven, multifactorial, dynamic disease
resulting in the phasic demineralization and remineralisation of dental hard tissues.
Caries can occur throughout life, both in primary and permanent dentitions, and can
damage the tooth crown and, in later life, also exposed root surfaces. The balance
between pathological and protective factors influences the initiation and progression of
caries. This interplay between factors underpins the classification of individuals and
groups into caries risk categories allowing an increasingly tailored approach to care.
Dental caries is an unevenly distributed, preventable disease with considerable
economic and quality of life burdens. The daily use of fluoride toothpaste is seen as the
main reason for the overall decline of caries worldwide over recent decades. This
Primer aims to provide a global overview of caries, acknowledging the historical era
dominated by restoration of tooth decay by surgical means, but it focusses on current,
progressive and more holistic long-term, patient-centred, tooth-preserving preventive
care.
3- Microbiology of dental caries
Tomasz M. Karpiński1 , Anna K. Szkaradkiewicz2 1University of Medical Sciences in
Poznań, Department of Medical Microbiology, Poznań, Poland 2University of Medical
Sciences in Poznań, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Poznań,
Poland
ABSTRACT
Dental caries is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases of people worldwide. The
disease process may involve enamel, dentin and cement, causing decalcification of these
tissues and disintegration of the organic substances. It is believed that bacteria of the
species Streptococcus mutans is the main factor that initiates caries, and the bacteria of
the genus Lactobacillus are important in further caries development, especially in the
dentin. Caries can also be caused by other bacteria, including members of the mitis,
anginosus and salivarius groups of streptococci, Enterococcus faecalis, Actinomyces
naeslundii, A. viscosus, Rothia dentocariosa, Propionibacterium, Prevotella, Veillonella,
Bifidobacterium and Scardovia.
Key words: Dental caries; Dental plaque; Streptococcus mutans; Streptococcus
sobrinus; Lactobacillus.
J Biol Earth Sci 201 3; 3(1 ): M21 -M24
4- Tongue lesions in a Jordanian population. Prevalence ,symptoms, subject´s
knowledge
Azmi- Mohammad-Ghaleb Darwazeh*, Amna- Abdulla Almelaih**
* BDS. MSc. PhD. FFDRCSI,Professor in Oral Medicine. Faculty of Dentistry ; Jordan
University of Science and Technology, Irbid
** BDS.Msc, Post graduate student, Department of Oral Medicine &Surgery, Faculty of
Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid
Journal section: Oral Medicine and Pathology
Publication Types: Research
I Tongue lesions constitute a considerable proportion of oral mucosal lesions. The
epidemiological studies have shown variable prevalence rates in different parts of the
world. Repeatedly,the difference in the prevalence rates has been related to ethnic or
racial factors, smoking habit and gender differences between population studied, in
addition to the general health status and the diagnostic criteria used . However, apart of
some cases of mediam rhomboid glossitis, the majority of these lesions is believed to be
developmental anomalies, and oftenly discovered inicidentally during routine oral
examination. Nevertheless, the base-line data on tongue lesions are necessary for oral
health planning and education. They are also of clinical and therapeutic importance for
oral / dental health care providers.
X Despite the ambulance of the world-wide surveys on the prevalence of tongue lesions,
reviewing the literature revealed the lack of studies that explored wether the affected
subjects were aware of the existence of their tongue lesions.In addition, the proportion of
subjects experience symptoms and the subject’s knowledge about these commonly
encountered tongue lesions has not been investigated, nor the treatment attempted for the
management of these lesions by the general dental practitioners. The aims of this study
were to determine the prevalence of the common tongue lesions in a group of healthy
adult, Jordanian population, and to assess the subjects symptoms, awareness of their
tongue lesions and the type of the treatment provided for their managment
Virulence Factors
The time at which Streptococcus mutans is acquired in relation to other common oral
bacteria also play a role in its prevalence in the ecology of the mouth. The successive
colonization of many different species leaves only certain realized niche for S. mutans,
minimizing its impact through a process that has been termed “bacterial succession”.
Some pioneer, such as Streptococcus oralis and Streptococcus mitis are detectable in
infants only a few days old, while S mutans is virtually undetectable until around age two
(Li, Caufield et al. 2005). Any alteration in this progression of colonization can lead to
increased risk of dental caries. For example, Li et al (Li, Caufield et al. 2005) found that
babies delivered via Caesarian section had detectable levels of S. mutans aprroximately
a year earlier than those delivered vaginally, presumably because they were not colonized
by pioneer bacteria found on the perineum of their mothers that babies born vaginally
were exposed to.
However, the biggest virulence factor and greatest determinant of caries susceptibility is
extra-bacteria: the consumption of sugar-rich carbohydrates. Each influx of sugar into the
mouth results in a sharp drop in p.H, conditions which favor demineralization of the teeth
and heightened S. mutans activity. Under the conditions in which the human-oral bacteria
relationship revolved, dietary sugar levels were dramatically lower and humans ate a few
large meals, rather than constantly introducing sugar into the mouth by snacking. In
studies tracking oral pH and eating habits over time, those who ate three regular meals a
day experienced the same post-meal drop in pH as those who snacked constantly, with
the critical distinction that the time difference between each drop allowed the saliva to
raise pH and remineralize the teeth, undoing the damage caused by S. mutans metabolism
at each meal time. In contrast, those who ate three meals as well as sucrose snacks
experienced an overall drop in pH with no recovery ability, because the saliva did not
have enough time to raise the pH before more sugar was consumed (Loesche 1986). While
the increased prevalence of fluoridation of the water supply has made sugar-consumption
less of a risk factor, it is a still one of the biggest predictors of dental caries (Burt and Pai
2001).
Coevolution of humans and Streptococcus mutans
Under prehistoric evolutionary conditions, the presence of Streptococcus mutans would
have no adverse effects, and might even have benefited humans by preventing the
colonization of harmful bacteria. Yet the taste for sugar that once ensured that our
ancestors consumed foods with the maximum amount of calories now keeps us snacking
in between meals and has created a multibilion dollar industry for what Loesche has called
“the slow-release device for sucrose known as a candy” (Loesche 1986). Studies of
societies in which access to sugar is drastically altered show the ( low-sucrose) diets had
many fewer cavities than wealthier Inuit families who could afford more Western foods
(Mayhall, Dahlberg et al. 1970). Similarly, Norwegian children who grew up during
World War Two, when sugar was severely rationed, experienced fewer caries than
children growing up shortly after, when sugary foods were again common (Toverud
1957). Humans’ relationship with both food and with Streptococcus mutans evolved in
very different conditions than those of today. In effect, the disease initiated by S. mutans
in our mouths is a case of evolutionary incongruence with the lifestyle enjoyed by those
in developed countries.
5- How bacteria become resistant
Emergence of resistance
The first step in the emergence of resistance is a genetic change in a bacterium. There are
two ways that can happen.
1. Spontaneous mutation in the bacterium’s DNA.
Many antibiotics work by inactivating an essential bacterial protein. Genetic change can
remove that protein. Also, mutations in the target protein can prevent the antibiotic from
binding or if it does bind, prevent it from inactivating the target protein.
Genetic change can also lead to increased production of the antibiotic’s target enzyme so
that there are too many of them and the antibiotics cannot inactivate them all.
Alternatively, the bacterium may produce an antibiotic-inactivating enzyme. As well, the
bacterium may alter the permeability of its cell membrane, or wall to the antibiotic.
2. Transfer of antibiotic-resistant genes
The second way for a bacterium to gain resistance is for an existing antibiotic-resistant
gene to transfer from one bacterium to another bacterium. Microbiologist, Doctor John
Turnidge, says they literally borrow their resistance genes from almost, so for thousands
of millions of years they’ve had a chance to work out ways to survive and one of those is
to borrow genes from other bacteria to survive”.
(Fuente:
http://www.abc.net.au/science/slab/antibiotics/resistence.htm)
6- Third-Molar Status and Risk of Loss of Adjacent Second Molars
E. Kaye, B. Heaton, E.A. Aljoghaiman, ...
Abstract
The prophylactic removal of asymptomatic third molars is a common but controversial
procedure often rationalized as necessary to prevent future disease on adjacent teeth. Our
objective in this retrospective cohort study of adult men was to examine whether second-
molar loss differed by baseline status of the adjacent third molar, taking into account the
individual’s overall state of oral hygiene, caries, and periodontitis. We analyzed data from
participants of the VA Dental Longitudinal Study who had at least 1 second molar present
at baseline and 2 or more triennial dental examinations between 1969 and 2007. We
classified second molars by third-molar status in the same quadrant: unerupted, erupted,
or absent. Tooth loss and alveolar bone loss were confirmed radiographically. Caries and
restorations, calculus, and probing depth were assessed on each tooth. We estimated the
hazards of second-molar loss with proportional hazards regression models for correlated
data, controlling for age, smoking, education, absence of the first molar, and whole-mouth
indices of calculus, caries, and periodontitis. The analysis included 966 men and 3024
second molar/first molar pairs. Follow-up was 22 ± 11 y (median 24, range 3–38 y). At
baseline, 163 third molars were unerupted, 990 were erupted, and 1871 were absent. The
prevalence of periodontitis on the second molars did not differ by third-molar status. The
prevalence of distal caries was highest on the second molars adjacent to the erupted third
molars and lowest on the second molars adjacent to the unerupted third molars. Relative
to the absent third molars, adjusted hazards of loss of second molars were not significantly
increased for those adjacent to erupted (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.96, 95% confidence interval
[CI] = 0.79–1.16) or unerupted (HR = 1.25, 95% CI = 0.91–1.73) third molars. We found
similar results when using alveolar bone loss as the periodontitis indicator. Our findings
suggest that retained third molars are not associated with an increased risk of second-
molar loss in adult men.
7- Connective tissue
Living organisms are not merely random collections of cells; each organism grows
according to a detailed pattern which determines both the structure and the functions
of its many constituent parts, and ensures that they are all integrated with one another
both anatomically and biochemically. One of the objects of this text is to emphasize
the molecular basis of life and, further, that chemical and anatomical structures merge
into each other, these terms merely serving to distinguish different orders of size and
perhaps complexity. There can be no better illustration of the merging of these two
orders of structure than the connective tissues. One of the basic requirements for
systematic arrangement within tissues is a mechanical one - a means of maintaining
the cells in appropriate relationship to each other despite the various forces which act
upon them, including gravity, externally applied physical stress and the internal
movements of the organism itself which result from growth and exertion. Two
contrasting systems for organizing their mechanical structures are employed by
multicellular organisms. These systems differ in whether the mechanical elements
that determine the rigidity of the structure are closely associated with cells or frankly
extracellular. A good example of a mechanical system of the former type occurs in
higher plants where the cells secrete a strong thick layer around themselves, the cell
wall, which resists the internal pressure exerted against it by the cell itself. As a result,
the individual cells are rigid like inflated motor tyres and thus form the basis of a rigid
multicelllular structure. The main building material of plant cell walls is cellulose, a
homopolymer composed of bundles of chains each of which contains about 5000
glucose units.
(Fuente: Biochemistry and Oral Biology. A.S.COLE, J.E. EASTOE. Buttlerworth&Co.
(Publishers) Ltd, 1988.2nd Edition)
8-
Common Dental Problems - Adults Under 40 - American Dental Association
Gum Disease
Gum disease is an inflammation of the tissues that hold your teeth in place. If it is severe,
it can destroy the tissue and bone, leading to tooth loss. Gum disease is caused by plaque,
a sticky film of bacteria that constantly forms on the teeth. When
plaque is not removed
it can harden into calculus (tartar). When tartar forms above and below the gumline, it
becomes harder to brush and clean well between teeth. That buildup of plaque and tartar
can harbor bacteria that lead to gum disease. The first stage of gum disease is called
gingivitis, which is the only stage that is reversible.
If not treated, gingivitis may lead to a more serious, destructive form of gum/periodontal
disease called periodontitis. It is possible to have periodontal disease and have no warning
signs. That is one reason why regular dental checkups and periodontal examinations are
so important. Treatment methods depend upon the type of disease and how far the
condition has progressed. Good oral hygiene at home is essential to help keep periodontal
disease from becoming more serious or recurring. Brush twice a day, clean between your
teeth daily, eat a balanced diet, and schedule regular dental visits for a lifetime of healthy
smiles.
9--Common Dental Problems-Adults Under 40- American Dental Association
Root Canals
Sometimes a cavity is just too deep to be fixed and may require a root canal. Root canal
procedures are used to treat problems of the tooth's soft core, otherwise known as dental
pulp. The pulp contains the blood vessels and the nerves of the tooth, which run like a
thread down into the root. The pulp tissue can die when it’s infected or injured. If you
don't remove it, your tooth gets infected and you could lose it. During a root canal
treatment, the dentist removes the pulp, and the root canal is cleaned and sealed off to
protect it. Your dentist may then place a crown over the tooth to help make it stronger
and protect it.
Sensitive teeth
If hot or cold foods make you wince, you may have a common dental problem—
sensitive teeth. Sensitivity in your teeth can happen for several reasons, including: tooth
decay,fractured teeth,worn fillings, worn tooth enamel, exposed tooth root Sensitive
teeth can be treated. Your dentist may recommend desensitizing toothpaste or an
alternative treatment based on the cause of your sensitivity. Proper oral hygiene is the
key to preventing tooth pain. Ask your dentist if you have any questions about your
daily oral hygiene routine or concerns about tooth sensitivity.
10- Cavities: What are They and How Do We Prevent Them?
By Caitlin Rosemann A.T. Still University - Missouri School of Dentistry and Oral
Health
Did you know tooth enamel is the hardest substance in the human body?
Enamel is the protective outer layer of our teeth. Bacteria in our mouths use the sugar
we eat to make acids which can wear away this protective layer, forming a cavity. Once
enamel is gone, it does not grow back. This is why your dentist and dental hygienist are
always telling you to brush with fluoride toothpaste and clean between your teeth! You
can learn more about cavities and how to prevent them below.
What Is a Cavity? A cavity is a hole in your tooth. A cavity in an early stage can look
like a white spot, which can be healed. Over time, it will look like a brown or black
spot. Cavities can be tiny or big. Cavities can form in many places, but they often form
on the tops of your teeth where you bite and in between your teeth where food gets
stuck. Cavities that are not fixed can cause sensitivity, pain, infections, and can even
cause you to lose your teeth. The best way to keep your teeth and keep them healthy is
to prevent cavities.
What Causes Cavities? Do your teeth ever feel “fuzzy” after a meal? Do you notice
when you brush and floss this fuzzy feeling goes away? When we don’t brush and floss
the bacteria and foods we eat build up and form a sticky substance called plaque (plak).
Throughout the day, bacteria feed off the foods we eat To understand how a cavity
forms, let’s look at what makes up a tooth. Enamel is the outside hard covering that
protects our teeth. Below the enamel is the dentin. Dentin is not as hard as enamel. This
makes it easier for cavities to spread and get bigger. Below the dentin is the pulp. The
pulp is where the nerves and blood supply for the tooth live.If a cavity is not fixed, the
bacteria can travel from the enamel to the dentin and can reach the pulp. If the bacteria
from the cavity get into the pulp, it becomes an infection. Dental infections can be
serious and life-threatening if not treated.
See your dentist right away if you notice any of the following: • Swelling on your face
or in your mouth • Redness in or around your mouth • Pain in your mouth • Bad taste in
your mouth
11-
Sensitive Teeth - Heat and Cold Sensitivity - American Dental Association
Worn tooth enamel Exposed tooth root In healthy teeth, a layer of enamel protects the ...
block transmission of sensation from the tooth surface to the nerve, and usually requires
several ...
Sensitive Teeth
Is the taste of ice cream or a sip of hot coffee sometimes a painful experience for you?
Does brushing or flossing make you wince occasionally? If so, you may have sensitive
teeth.
Possible causes include:
Tooth decay (cavities)
Fractured teeth
Worn fillings
Gum disease
Worn tooth enamel
Exposed tooth root
In healthy teeth, a layer of enamel protects the crowns of your teeth—the part above the
gum line. Under the gum line a layer called cementum protects the tooth root.
Underneath both the enamel and the cementum is dentin.
Dentin is less dense than enamel and cementum and contains microscopic tubules
(small hollow tubes or canals). When dentin loses its protective covering of enamel or
cementum these tubules allow heat and cold or acidic or sticky foods to reach the nerves
and cells inside the tooth. Dentin may also be exposed when gums recede. The result
can be hypersensitivity.
Sensitive teeth can be treated. The type of treatment will depend on what is
causing the sensitivity. Your dentist may suggest one of a variety of
treatments:
Desensitizing toothpaste. This contains compounds that help block transmission
of sensation from the tooth surface to the nerve, and usually requires several
applications before the sensitivity is reduced.
Fluoride gel. An in-office technique which strengthens tooth enamel and reduces
the transmission of sensations.
A crown, inlay or bonding. These may be used to correct a flaw or decay that
results in sensitivity.
Surgical gum graft. If gum tissue has been lost from the root, this will protect the
root and reduce sensitivity.
Root canal. If sensitivity is severe and persistent and cannot be treated by other
means, your dentist may recommend this treatment to eliminate the problem.
Proper oral hygiene is the key to preventing sensitive-tooth pain. Ask your dentist if you
have any questions about your daily oral hygiene routine or concerns about tooth
sensitivity.
12 - Comparison between conventional and chemomechanical approaches for the
removal of carious dentin: an in vitro study
Tito Marcel Lima Santos1, Eduardo Bresciani 2, Felipe de Souza Matos 3,
Samira EstevesAfonso Camargo4, Ana Paula Turrioni Hidalgo 5, Luciana Monti Lima
Rivera6, Ítalo de Macedo Bernardino7 & Luiz Renato Paranhos8
Caries is a multifactorial disease caused by an imbalance in the demineralization and
remineralization processes on dental hard tissues and this imbalance might lead to
progressive tooth destruction. This imbalance is preceded by a microbiological shift in
biofilm, characterized by an acidogenic and aciduric (cariogenic) population. The shift in
the bacterial population is related to the consumption of fermentable dietary
carbohydrates. The treatment of the disease depends on the reduction of cariogenic
bacteria and the arrest or control of their sequelae (the caries lesion) . The caries process
presents a high prevalence in all age groups . Clinically, the chronic or acute classifcation
of lesions has critical significance because it determines the risk of progression of lesions
. The acute caries lesión is more likely to advance, and if no early treatment is performed,
it may develop towards the pulp, reaching over 2/3 of the dentin and consequently leading
to painful symptomatology, and possibly require endodontic treatment and even tooth
extraction. Minimally invasive dentistry (MID) is a philosophy of treating dental caries
not only by treating cavities but also by modifying patients’ behavior considering fillings;
however, it is not curative . Within this philosophy, when a restoration is needed, the
preservation of dental tissue is targeted . Selective removal of carious dentin must be
performed, considering not only healthy tissue preservation but also the minimization of
painful stimuli.
13- Dental caries diagnosis in digital radiographs using back-propagation
neural network
V. Geetha, K. S. Aprameya & Dharam M. Hinduja
Purpose
An algorithm for diagnostic system with neural network is developed for diagnosis of
dental caries in digital radiographs. The diagnostic performance of the designed system
is evaluated.
Methods
The diagnostic system comprises of Laplacian filtering, window based adaptive
threshold, morphological operations, statistical feature extraction and back-propagation
neural network. The back propagation neural network used to classify a tooth surface as
normal or having dental caries. The 105 images derived from intra-oral digital
radiography, are used to train an artificial neural network with 10-fold cross validation.
The caries in these dental radiographs are annotated by a dentist. The performance of the
diagnostic algorithm is evaluated and compared with baseline methods.
Results
The system gives an accuracy of 97.1%, false positive (FP) rate of 2.8%, receiver
operating characteristic (ROC) area of 0.987 and precision recall curve (PRC) area of
0.987 with learning rate of 0.4, momentum of 0.2 and 500 iterations with single hidden
layer with 9 nodes.
Conclusions
This study suggests that dental caries can be predicted more accurately with back-
propagation neural network. There is a need for improving the system for classification
of caries depth. More improved algorithms and high quantity and high quality datasets
may give still better tooth decay detection in clinical dental practice.
14- Diagnostic efficacy of and indications for intraoral radiographs in
pediatric dentistry: a systematic review
J. K. M. Aps, L. Z. Lim, H. J. Tong, B. Kalia & A. M. Chou
Purpose
To systematically evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of intraoral radiographs and evidence
supporting the indications for taking of intraoral radiographs in children in the following
five clinical categories: caries, pathological conditions (including acute odontogenic
infections and periodontal disease), dental/developmental anomalies, dental trauma, and
enhancement of comfort/technique for taking radiographs in children. This was carried
out to facilitate the updating of existing European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry
(EAPD) guidelines on dental radiography in pediatric dentistry.
Methods
A systematic electronic literature search was conducted on Cochrane Library (1992–24
July 2018), MEDLINE (PubMed, 1946–24 July 2018), EMBASE (Embase.com, 1974–
24 July 2018) and Scopus (pre-1970–24 July 2018). Hand search of handbooks and grey
literature search was also performed. Study screening and study inclusions were agreed
upon by three authors. Data extraction, and methodological quality and risk of bias
assessment were carried out in duplicate for each of the included studies.
Results
A total of 9581 papers were identified. Following the primary and secondary assessment
process, 36 papers were included in the final analysis. The included studies were further
categorized into five main clinical categories for analysis: caries, pathological conditions,
dental/developmental anomalies, dental trauma and comfort/technique-related studies.
Only one paper was found to be of good quality and at low risk of bias; while, 9 papers
were found of be at moderate risk of bias and 26 papers were at high risk of bias. Meta-
analysis was not possible for any of the aforementioned clinical situations, and only a
narrative synthesis was done.
Conclusion
There is insufficient high-quality evidence for the use of intraoral radiographs in pediatric
dentistry and current guidelines are based largely on expert opinion. There is a clear need
for well-conducted and standardized studies regarding the use of intraoral radiography in
pediatric dentistry.
15-ORAL HEALTH STATUS AND TREATMENT NEED OF CHILDREN WITH
SPECIAL HEALTH CA NEEDS: CROSS
Sumit Rajewar1,*, Arunkumar Sajjanar 1PG Student, Department of Pedodontics and
Preventive Dentistry, Swargiya Dadasaheb Kalmegh Smruti Dental College and Hospital,
Nagpur 2Reader, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Swargiya
Dadasaheb Kalmegh Smruti Dental College and Hospital, Nagpur 3HOD, Department of
Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Swargiya D Dental College and Hospital, Nagpur
4Senior Lecturer, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Swargiya
Dadasaheb Kalmegh Smruti Dental College and Hospital, Nagpur
ABSTRACT
Aim: This study was conducted to assess and compare the hearing and speech impaired
children and normal children. sectional descriptive survey was conducted among 250
children with ages ranging from 6 to 13 years. Out of that 125 children’s disabilities. Data
were collected using a standard method recommended by WHO for the oral health survey
in 1977. Oral health status was assessed using OHI and Loe plaque index, DMFT and def
Index for dental caries and dental malocclusion using Dental aesthetic index(DAI).
Statistical analysis was performed with chisquare test and student’s unpaired t test using
the SPSS software package (versio be 0.85 found to be 1.39 found to be Index was found
to be p=0.0004. Mean Dental Aesthetic Index score was found to be normal children and
children with hearing disabilities can also have good oral hygiene comparable to normal
individuals of the same age group. These results may be attributed to the fact that the
study sample was taken from a single school of a private organ Copyright © 2020, Sumit
Rajewar et al.
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