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ALLOPHONE VARIATION WHAT WE DO WHERE? (CONTEXT) WI or WB? DIACRITIC EXAMPLES
CONSONANTS
Aspiration
manner (how
much air comes
out)
produce an extra puff of air prominent /p,t,k/ word internally
[ʰ]
SE p.48: [pʰærɪs] [pʰækɪdʒ]
Unsapiration manner (how
much air comes
out)
remove most of the air /s/ + /p,t,k/ word internally unmarked SE p.48: [sprɪŋ] [splendɪd]
Devoicing
Devoicing of Group C
voice reduce the amount of vibration [pʰ,tʰ,kʰ] +/w,r,l,j/ word internally
[tr̥ ]
SE p.48: [tr̥ ævl] [pr̥ aɪsɪz] [pl̥eɪsɪz]
Devoicing of Group B voice reduce the amount of vibration cons. in group B are
preceded or followed by
a pause or a voiceless
consonant
word internally /
word boundary
[/ð̥ ə]
SE p. 71: [saʊndz̥ faɪn] [/ d̥ ɒktə]
Types of release Non-audible release
manner (when
the air comes
out)
retain the air of the first plosive
and we send it out together with
the following sound
plosive + plosive /
plosive + affricate
word internally /
word boundary
[stɒp͜ t]
SE p60: [lɒk ͜ t] [pleɪd͜ baɪ] [dʒʌst ͜ prədjuːzit] [wɒntɪd͜ tə]
Nasal release manner (when
and where the air
comes out from)
retain the air of the plosive and
we send it out together with the
following sound through the nose
any plosive+ /n/ or /m/ word internally /
word boundary
[ət‿naɪt]
SE p60: [ˈfraɪt‿nɪŋ] [sʌd ͜ nli]
Lateral release manner (when
and where the air
comes out from)
retain the air of the plosive and
we send it out together with the
following sound through the sides
of the mouth
only /t/ and /d/ + /l/ word internally /
word boundary
[med‿l]
SE p60: [faʊnd‿lɑ:st] [əʊld‿lʌndən]
Variations of
place of
articulation
Dentalization place of
articulation (we
produce a sound
in the place of
articulation of the
following one)
some alveolar sounds are
produced at the same place of
dental sounds
/t, d, , n, l/ + /ð, θ/
word internally /
word boundary
[t̪]
SE p62: [ɪn̪ ðə] lɑːst/ capital [ət̪ ðɪ ɒfɪs] [aʊtˈsaɪd̪ ðə]
Labiodentalization place of
articulation (we
produce a sound
in the place of
articulation of the
following one)
some nasals are produced at the
same place of the following
labiodental sound
/m, n/ + /f,v/ word internally /
word boundary
[ɱ]
SE p62: [ɪɱvɒlvz] [ɪɱ faɪv] [kəɱ vɪzɪt] [ɪɱ fækt]
Post-alveolar
articulation
place of
articulation (we
produce a sound
in the place of
articulation of the
following one)
some alveolar sounds are
produced at the same place of
postalveolar /r/
/t, d, n, l/ + /r/ word internally /
word boundary
[t̠]
SE p62: [t̠rævlɪŋ] [kʌnt̠ri] [t̠ræfɪk]
Dark /l/ place of
articulation (we
produce the /l/ at
the back of the
mouth)
we produce the /l/ as a velar
sound
/l/ followed by a
consonant or /w/ or a
pause
word internally /
word boundary
[ɫ]
SE p 78 [ɪɫ/] [smɔ:ɫ wʌn] [ɔ:ɫ raɪt] [ɔ:fɫ] [eɫs]
Syllabicity by eliding a vowel sound, consonants /l, n/ become
the nucleus of the syllable
unstressed syllable word internally
[ˌ]
SE p83 3a: [kɒtn̩ ] [sɜːtn̩ ] [dɪ'pɑ:tmn̩ t] [fæʃn̩ ]['pɑ:dn̩ ]
ALLOPHONE VARIATION WHAT WE DO WHERE? (CONTEXT) WI or WB? DIACRITIC EXAMPLES
VOWELS vowel length long vowel
sounds may be
half or fully long
depending on the
context
long vowel sounds are going to be
given extra length
FULLY LONG: 1)
prominent syllable, 2)
last syllable in the word,
3) open syllable -
finishes in a vowel - OR
closed by a voiced
consonant HALF LONG:
one or more of those
conditions are not
present
word internally FULLY
LONG: [:]
HALF
LONG: [.]
SE p. 74 Fully long: [əlaːʊd] [tru:] [θɜ:d] [hiː] [wɔːl] [traːɪd] [θri:] [seːɪm]
SE p. 74 Half long sounds: [kli.n] [θru.] [klɑ.s] [stɔ.ri] [fɑ.ðə]
RESUMEN SUPREMO DE ALLOPHONES.pdf
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