Volver a Fonética y Fonologia I
Phonetics and Phonology I: Compounds
By Matías Oliva
TWO WORDS
NOUNS
SINGLE-STRESSED
NOUN + NOUN
1) N2 indicates the person or thing
doing the action: ‘line manager, ‘road
manager, ‘word processor, ‘egg beater…
Exceptions: other compounds with
manager (e.g. ‘middle ‘manager,
‘department ‘manager) and ‘school
‘governor.
2) N1 delimits the meaning of N2
(what type?): ‘Christmas card, ‘birth
control, ‘coffee break, ‘access road...
Exceptions: ‘family ‘name, ‘paper ‘bag.
VERB + NOUN: they sometimes make
up single-stressed compounds: ‘talk
show, ‘chat show, ‘pickpocket, ‘cease
fire…
Exception: ‘stop ‘press.
PHRASAL VERBS USED AS NOUNS:
always single-stressed: ‘payoff, ‘sit-in,
‘breakthrough, ‘takeaway…
COMPOUNDS INCLUDING -STREET /
-GATE / -BUILDING /
ORGANISATIONS: ‘Bond street,
‘Bishopsgate, ‘Woolworth Building, ‘Ford
Foundation...
Exception: ‘Fifth ‘Avenue
DOUBLE-STRESSED
NOUN + NOUN
1) N1 has specific reference
(organisation, time, location, value,
genitive): ‘ground ‘floor, ‘peso ‘coin,
‘family ‘doctor, ‘trade ‘union…
2) N1 and N2 have the same referent:
‘baby ‘boy, ‘woman ‘driver, ‘twin ‘sister,
‘student ‘teacher…
3) N1 (and sometines N2) is a proper
name: ‘World ‘Bank, ‘Morse ‘Code,
‘Noah’s ‘ark, ‘Adam’s ‘Apple…
Exceptions: ‘Home Office, ‘Lake District,
‘Labour Party
4) N2 is made of N1: ‘apple ‘pie, ‘ivory
‘tower, ‘gold ‘medal, ‘log ‘cabin…
Exceptions: compounds made up of
juice and cake (e.g. ‘lemon juice,
‘chocolate cake…)
Phonetics and Phonology I: Compounds
By Matías Oliva
ADJECTIVES
SINGLE-STRESSED
ADJ + NOUN: The ADJ is relatively
short and is not semantically dense:
‘black people, ‘grandchildren, ‘busybody,
‘real estate…
Exceptions: blackbird, common room,
Greenland, heavyweight…
DOUBLE-STRESSED
ADJ + NOUN: double-stressed by
default (noun phrases, proper names,
and nationalities): ‘general ‘knowledge,
‘first-’aid, ‘French ‘windows, ‘Irish
‘coffee…
Exceptions: nationality + -man/-woman
(‘Englishman, ‘Frenchwoman…)
ADJ + ADJ: always double-stressed:
‘Anglo-A’merican, ‘dark ‘green,
‘deaf-’mute, ‘bitter-’sweet…
NOUN + ADJ: always double-stressed:
‘tax-’free, ‘world’wide, ‘stone ‘deaf,
‘class-’conscious…
-ED PARTICIPLE
SINGLE-STRESSED
NOUN + -ED PARTICIPLE: The N is
usually the subject of the P: ‘moth-eaten,
‘sunburnt, ‘blue-coloured, ‘moonlit… (no
change in pattern when used
predicatively or attributively)
DOUBLE-STRESSED
ADJ + NOUN AS A -ED PARTICIPLE:
always double-stressed: ‘long-’winded,
‘quick-’witted, ‘open-’minded,
‘four-’legged…
ADVERB + -ED PARTICIPLE: always
double-stressed. They give origin to
adjectives: ‘far-’fetched, ‘far-’flung,
‘far-’gone.
Phonetics and Phonology I: Compounds
By Matías Oliva
-ING FORMS
SINGLE-STRESSED
GERUND + NOUN: The N is not the
subject of the action: ‘sleeping pill,
‘washing powder, ‘eating apple, ‘frying
pan…
NOUN + PRESENT PARTICIPLE: A
nominal element can combine with a
verb ending in -ing and the resulting
combination may be a noun or an
adjective: ‘breathtaking, ‘roleplaying,
‘thought-provoking, ‘air-conditioning…
Exceptions: ‘family ‘planning, ‘town
‘planning, ‘zebra ‘crossing.
DOUBLE-STRESSED
PRESENT PARTICIPLE + NOUN: The
N is the subject of the verb: ‘rolling
‘stone, ‘running ‘water, ‘standing
‘ovation, ‘sliding ‘door…
SELF- + PRESENT PARTICIPLE:
always double-stressed: ‘self-’catering,
‘self-’raising, ‘self-sup’porting,
‘self-de’feating…
ADJ + PRESENT PARTICIPLE: always
double-stressed: ‘easy-’going,
‘hard-’working, ‘far-’reaching,
‘ever-’changing…
THREE WORDS
‘- - ‘-
‘audiovisual ‘aid
‘self-made ‘man
‘next-door ‘neighbour
‘one-way ‘traffic
‘old age ‘pension
‘nuclear-free ‘zone
‘top-class ‘model
‘two-piece ‘suit
‘nationwide ‘coverage
‘well-balanced ‘diet
- ‘- -
morning-’after pill
April ‘Fool’s Day
no-’win situation
good ‘luck charm
teacher ‘training-college
school-’leaving age
‘- - -
‘coffee-table book
‘inkjet printer
‘fingernail polish
‘greenhouse effect
‘windscreen wiper
‘football team
Compound word categories.pdf
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