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Allophones
Definition of phoneme
✓ It is the smallest contrastive phonological unit which can distinguish or
contrast word meaning
✓ It can be divided into vowel phonemes and consonant phonemes (20
vowel phonemes and 24 consonant phonemes)
✓ When we transcribe word phonemically, we enclose them in slant lines //.
✓ Example: /'sɪmpə'θetɪk/
Definition of allophone
✓ Allophones represent the precise articulation of vowel and consonant
phonemes
✓ Whereas phonemes are abstract, allophones represent the real
productions of those sounds modified by neighbouring sounds
✓ Depending on the quality of adjacent sounds, one phoneme may take on
specific articulatory features
✓ The sounds preceding or following a sound affect the way it is produced
Phonemic and allophonic transcription
➔ Phonemic or broad transcription: a general transcription, one in which
symbols represent the segmental elements which function to make
meaning distinctions. We enclose the symbols in slants //.
➔ Allophonic or narrow transcription: a more detailed transcription, one
attempting to capture the exact phonetic features of each sound in
spoken samples. We enclose the symbols in square brackets []. Diacritic
symbols are used.
ASPIRATION AND UNASPIRATION
➢ Aspiration refers to the extra puff of air with which the plosives /p, t, k/
are pronounced when followed by vowel phonemes or /w, r, l, j/ in
prominent syllables.
➢ The diacritic symbol to mark aspiration is [h]
The diacritic symbol [h] is used only when /p, t, k/ are followed by vowel
phonemes in prominent syllables:
[ɪm'pʰɔ:tnt]
When /p, t, k/ are preceded by /s/ in prominent syllables, aspiration does not
take place, thus:
['spɔɪlɪŋ]
When /p, t, k/ are followed by /w, r, l, j/ in prominent syllables, the symbol of
aspiration is not used, instead, another diacritic is used.
Devoicing
➔ Devoicing refers to the loss of the voicing (vibration of the vocal folds)
that characterizes voiced consonant phonemes in certain phonetic
contexts.
➔ There is one group of voiceless consonants:
-Group A: p t k f θ s ʃ tʃ
➔ There are two groups of voiced consonants:
-Group B: b d g v ð z ʒ dʒ
-Group C: m n ŋ l r j w
➔ Devoicing affects the two groups in different ways, but the diacritic
symbol remains the same
➔ Devoicing is marked [∘] in allophonic transcription.
DEVOICING OF CONSONANT PHONEMES OF GROUP C
-Devoicing affects /l, r, j, w/ when they are preceded by aspirated /p, t, k/.
For example: ['kr
̥
aɪɪŋ] [pl
̥
eɪs] [ə'tj
̥
u:n] ['kw
̥
estʃn]
DEVOICING OF CONSONANT PHONEMES OF GROUP B
Consonant phonemes of Group B are devoiced…
➔ After and before pauses
➔ After and before voiceless consonants of Group A.
Examples:
[//b
̥
ɒbz] is devoiced because it is used after a pause.
[mærɪd
̥
tə] is devoiced because it is used before a voiceless consonant
phoneme of Group A.
TYPES OF RELEASE
Different ways in which the six plosive phonemes /d/ /t/ /v/ /b/ /k/ /g/ of BBC
English release the air depending on the phonetic context.
Oral release
• -When followed by vowels or semiconsonants /w, j/.
• -Unmarked
Example: [wi 'fi:ld ɪt 'ɪn]
Non-audible release
• -Clusters formed by two consecutives plosives
• -Clusters formed by plosive + affricate
• -Within words / at word boundary
• -Marked [‿]
Examples:
Inside a word: [stɒp‿t] [lʊk‿t]
At word boundary: [ðæt‿'beɪbi] ['stɒp‿'tʃəʊkɪŋ]
Nasal release
• -Followed by nasal phonemes /m/, /n/, /n/
• -Within words and at word boundary
• -Marked [‿]
Examples:
Inside a word: [kʊd‿nt] ['tɒp‿məʊst]
At word boundary: [ət‿'naɪt] [aɪ 'laɪk‿'məʊst əv ðm]
Lateral release
• -Affects only /t/ /d/ when followed by /l/
• -Within words and at word boundary
• -Marked [‿]
Examples:
Inside a word: ['met‿l] ['med‿l]
At word boundary: [aɪd‿laɪk] [ðæt‿lɪt‿l bɔɪ]
VARIATIONS OF PLACE OF ARTICULATION
Allophones that affect manner: aspiration / types of release
Allophones that affect voicing: devoicing of group B and C
Allophones that affect articulation:
1. Dentalization
-Affects /t, d, n, l/ (alveolar phonemes) when followed by /ð, θ/ (dental
phonemes)
-Within words / at word boundary
-Marked [ ̪]
-Examples
Inside a word: [ten
̪
θ] [wɪd
̪
θ]
At word boundary: [ɔl
̪
θru:] [ɪn
̪
ðə] [ət
̪
ðə]
2. Labiodentalization
-Affects /m, n/ (nasals) when followed by /f, v/ (labiodental phonemes)
-Within words / at word boundary
-Marked [ɱ] (two phonemes are produced only as one allophone)
Examples:
Inside a word: ['kʌɱfət] [ɪɱ'vaɪt]
At word boundary: ['tɪɱ 'vəʊtɪd] [ɪɱ 'fəʊkəs]
3. Postalveolar articulation
-Affects /t, d, n, l/ (alveolars) when followed by /r/ (post-alveolar phoneme)
-We feel the tongue pushing backwards because of the sound /r/
-Within words / at word boundary
-Marked [ ̠ ]
Examples:
Inside a word: ['bɔ:l
̠
ru:m] ['kʌn
̠
t
̠
ri] ['lɔ:n
̠
d
̠
ri]
At word boundary: [bɪ'gɪn
̠
'raʊz] ['sed
̠
'red]
4. Types of /l/
-/l/ can be pronounced as Clear /l/ and Dark /l/
I. Clear /l/
-Affects /l/ when followed by vowel sounds or the semi-vowel /j/
-The tip of the tongue touches the alveolar ridge and the sides are lowered to
allow air to escape down the sides of the tongue
-No mark needed
Examples:
[læmp] - [ˈjeləʊ] - [kɔ:l aʊt]
II. Dark /l/
-Affects /l/ when followed by consonant sounds, the semi-vowel /w/ or pauses
-Known as velarised /l/
-The /l/ sound keeps the alveolar articulation but adds an additional contact at
the back of the mouth, towards the velum
-Marked with a tilde across it [ɫ]
Examples:
[wɪsɫ] - [maɪˈseɫf] - [ɔ:ɫweɪz]
Syllabicity
-When vowel phonemes are omitted in unstressed syllables, and consonant
phonemes function as the central elements.
-When a vowel is omitted, the consonant that takes place is called syllabic.
-Marked [ˌ]
-The most important syllabic consonants in English are [l
̩
] and [n
̩
].
Examples:
[pɑ:sl
̩
] [pedl
̩
] [kʌpl
̩
] [bʌtn
̩
] [sevn
̩
] [ˈfæʃn
̩
]
Vowel length
• Short pure vowel sounds: /ɪ, æ, ɒ, ʊ, ʌ, ə/
• Long pure vowel sounds: /i:, ɑ:, ɔ:, u:, ɜ:/
• Vowel length affects long pure vowels, making them longer or shorter
Diacritics are used to indicate a variation in length
Slightly longer vowel phonemes [:]
Slightly shorter vowel phonemes [·]
Fully long vowels [:]
-Long pure vowels and diphthongs are fully long:
1. In open prominent syllables
Examples: Four [fɔː] / Now [naːʊ] / Knew [njuː] / Who [huː]
2. In prominent syllables closed by a voiced sound
Examples: Keys [kiːz] / Boom [buːm] / Room [ruːm] / Warn [wɔːn]
Half long vowels [·]
-Long pure vowels and diphthongs are half long:
1. In prominent syllables closed by a voiceless sound
Examples: Jerked [dʒɜˑkt] Awake [ə'weˑɪk] Brought [brɔˑt] Force [fɔˑs]
2. In prominent syllables followed by other syllables in the same word
Examples: Keeper ['kiˑpə] Stupidly ['stjuˑpɪdli] Easily ['iˑzili] Vernon ['vɜˑnən]
3. In non-prominent syllables
Examples: They [ðeˑɪ] Came [keˑɪm] Doorway ['dɔˑweˑɪ] Almost ['ɔˑlməˑʊst]
Allophones Summary.docx
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